IOCAS-IR  > 海洋地质与环境重点实验室
冲绳海槽南部浊流沉积层中的硫化物特征研究
杨娅敏
学位类型博士
导师曾志刚
2021-05-14
学位授予单位中国科学院大学
学位授予地点中国科学院海洋研究所
学位名称理学博士
学位专业海洋地质
关键词热液活动 沉积记录 硫化物 浊流层 冲绳海槽西南
摘要

   冲绳海槽是一个仍在活动的弧后扩张盆地,区域内尤其是海槽南部热液活动发育、地震活动频繁,是研究现代海底热液沉积过程及浊流沉积等较为理想的场所。本论文对取自冲绳海槽南部唐印热液区(Tangyin)和第四与那国热液区(Yonaguni Knoll IV)之间的 HOBAB4-S2 沉积物柱状样进行了年代学分析、粒度分析、矿物学分析(硫化物矿物和粘土矿物)、沉积物地球化学以及单矿物的元素和硫同位素测试, 首次在柱状沉积物样品中识别出浊流沉积事件和热液活动记录,研究了浊流沉积层中的热液硫化物的化学特征, 有助于了解浊流在热液硫化物运移沉积过程中的作用,丰富弧后盆地热液沉积物的沉积和搬运模式。
       对 HOBAB4-S2 沉积物进行岩相学分析时发现,根据沉积物中出现的典型的正递变层理的特征和各种沉积结构(如各种侵蚀基底面和细平行层理),在柱状沉积物中识别出了三个浊流相(薄层粘土-中粉砂浊流相、中粉砂-粗粉砂的浊流相和厚层粗粉砂-细砂浊流相)和 15 个浊流层位( T1-T15)。 利用 OxCal 4.2 软件使用校正深度的放射性碳年龄(将浊流层剔除后的半深海相沉积的深度)构建年龄-深度模型年龄模型, 估算了 HOBAB4-S2 孔中浊流事件发生的时间多集中在1445–1815 AD。百年内的浊流事件的时间利用 210Pb 获得的是 2002 ± 1 AD, 1994± 2 AD, 1987 ± 3 AD,与该时期地震活动记录在时间上有比较好的相关性。
        研究发现, 在浊流层的底部 166–167 cm、 312–313 cm 以及 444–445 cm 层位中, Cu、 Zn、 Pb 元素富集,明显高于正常沉积物中的含量,且矿物组成中有一定量黄铁矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿、 以及闪锌矿与黄铁矿、 磁黄铁矿的共生集合体等, 稀土元素存在类热液流体弱的正 Eu 异常等特征,指示 HOBAB4-S2 孔中存在三期热液活动事件的记录。 结合 HOBAB4-S2 孔沉积物中浮游有孔虫中的AMS14C 和 210Pb 测年,确定三期热液组分沉积时间分别为 1777–1815 AD, 1600–1639 AD 和 1445–1483 AD。可以推断,在公元 1445–1483 年前,海槽南部就已开始发生热液活动,随后至少发生了两次热液活动。
      沉积物中除了少量细菌硫酸盐还原作用形成的草莓状黄铁矿外,多数自形黄铁矿呈现出高 Co、Au 和 Se,低 As 元素含量,且 Co/Ni 比值大于 1, δ34S 值较低( 0.22~3.45‰) 的特征,指示其主要是热液成因。利用黄铁矿中 Se 含量计算出的黄铁矿结晶温度在 176~343°C,平均值为 252°C。 在沉积物中发现的磁黄铁矿中铁原子百分数为(47.77~49.01 at.%),与六方磁黄铁矿中的铁原子数(47.0~47.8 at.%)相似,指示 HOBAB4-S2 岩心中的磁黄铁矿主要是六方磁黄铁矿,而磁黄铁矿一般是在低硫逸度(fS2)的流体环境下沉淀。因此,结合黄铁矿中的高 Se 含量以及六方磁黄铁矿的出现,指示沉积物中热液硫化物的成矿条件为中-高温和较低的硫逸度环境。此外,研究发现 HOBAB4-S 孔中硫化物的 δ34S值(0.21~3.45‰)明显低于基底岛弧火山岩(安山岩和流纹岩)中的硫同位素值(5~7‰),指示成矿物质除了来自基底火山岩之外,还有另外低硫同位素源区组分的加入。根据沉积物中硫化物颗粒赋存层位和正常沉积层位中元素含量的差异,尝试提出一种用来指示沉积物中热液组分含量的新指标Co/Zn
-Zn/Mn。    本文研究还发现沉积物的粒径与含硫化物矿物层位之间存在着强烈的对应关系,即热液组分均分布在颗粒较粗的沉积层位。因此,我们推测沉积物中的HOBAB4-S2 柱沉积物中的热液硫化物组分可能是通过浊流活动将其从热液区附近搬运至合适的凹陷部位沉积。 浊流可能是 HOBAB4-S2 孔沉积物中热液组分主要的输运方式。结合整个冲绳海槽来说,存在大量热液活动区,如果这种搬运和堆积具有普遍性,那么是否会对冲绳海槽内的沉积过程产生一定的影响,也可能会影响深部的生物环境。但这尚需要进一步研究。

其他摘要

     Okinawa Trough is a still active back-arc expansion basin with developed hydrothermal activity and frequent seismic activity, especially in the southern Okinawa Trough (SOT). It is an ideal place to investigate the modern submarine hydrothermal deposition process and the turbidites. In this paper, we present the chronology, grainsize, mineralogy, major and trace elements, and sulfur isotope characteristics of sulfides in the gravity core HOBAB4-S2 which was collected between the Yonaguni Knoll IV and the newly discovered Tangyin hydrothermal field. For the first time, hydrothermal activity records and turbidites events were identified in core HOBAB4-S2. The characteristics of hydrothermal sulfides from the turbidites can help understand the transport process and enrich the deposition and transport patterns of hydrothermal deposits in the back-arc basin.
     Based on the characteristics of typical positive graded bedding and various sedimentary structures (such as various eroded basements and fine parallel bedding), three turbidity phases (thin layer clay-medium silt turbidity flow phase, medium silt sand-coarse silt flow phase and thick layer coarse silt-fine sand turbidity flow phase) and 15 turbidites (T1-T15) were identified in core HOBAB4-S2. The age-corrected depth (after the turbidites layer is removed) model was established by using OxCal 4.2 software and the occurrence time of the turbidites event was estimated and concentrated in 1445–1815 AD. While the time of turbidites during the last century using 210Pb is
2002 ± 1 AD, 1994 ± 2 AD, and 1987 ± 3 AD, which has a good correlation with the time of seismic activity records during this period.
      The enrichment of chalcophile elements Zn, Cu, Pb and the presence of pyrite, pyrrhotite and galena mineral and typical mineral assemblages, such as intergrowths of pyrite and pyrrhotite with sphalerite provide evidence for the input of hydrothermal materials at the bottom of the turbidite 166–167 cm, 312–315 cm, and 444–445 cm. These suggest that three hydrothermal activity has been recorded in the core HOBAB4-S2. Combined with the age-depth model, the deposit time of hydrothermal components was a date to 1777–1815 AD, 1600–1639 AD, and 1445–1483 AD, respectively. It can be inferred that hydrothermal activity has begun in the SOT before 1445–1483AD, and then at least twice occurred.
        Except for minor framboidal pyrite, the pyrite from the core HOBAB4-S2 is mainly magmatic-hydrothermal origin with high contents of Co, Au, and Se, low contents of As, and Co/Ni ratios >1 and the lower δ34S values (δ34S=0.22 to 3.45‰) in these three layers. The calculated crystallization temperatures of pyrite are 176–343°C, with an average value of 252°C. The percentage of iron atoms in the pyrrhotite found in the sediment is (47.77–49.01 at.%), which is similar to the iron atom value in the hexagonal pyrrhotite (47.0–47.8 at.%), indicating that the HOBAB4-S2 core The pyrite is mainly hexagonal, and the pyrite is generally precipitated in a fluid environment with low sulfur fugacity (fS2). Therefore, combined with the high Se content in pyrite and the appearance of hexagonal pyrite, which indicates that the hydrothermal sulfide mineralization conditions in the sediment are medium-high temperature and low sulfur fugacity environment. Also, the δ34S value of the sulfide in HOBAB4-S2 (0.21–3.45‰) is lower than that of island arc rocks (Andesite and rhyolite) (5–7‰), indicating there is another additional low sulfur isotope source, except for the volcanic rocks. According to the difference between the elemental content of sulfide particles in the sediment layer and the normal deposition layer, an attempt was made to propose a new indicator Co/Zn-Zn/Mn for indicating the content of hydrothermal components in the sediment.
        The study also found that there is a strong correspondence between the coarse grain size and the sediment-hosted sulfide, we speculate that the hydrothermal sulfide component in the HOBAB4-S2 may be transported from the hydrothermal zone to a suitable depression by turbidity. Turbidity may be the main transport mode of hydrothermal components in core HOBAB4-S2 sediments. Considering the entire Okinawa Trough, a large number of hydrothermal vents. If such handling and accumulation are universal, will it have a certain impact on the deposition process in the Okinawa Trough and may also affect the deep biological environment. But this still needs further study.
学科领域海洋地质学
学科门类理学::海洋科学
资助项目National Key Basic Research Program of China[2013CB429700] ; National Key Basic Research Program of China[2013CB429700]
语种中文
目录

第 1 章 引言..............................................................................................................1
1.1 选题依据及意义.................................................................................................1
1.2 国内外研究现状.................................................................................................3
1.2.1 浊流研究现状..............................................................................................3
1.2.2 海底热液活动及其沉积记录研究现状......................................................6
1.3 拟解决的科学问题...........................................................................................12
1.4 研究内容及技术方法.......................................................................................13
1.4.1 研究目的和内容........................................................................................13
1.4.2 研究思路及技术路线................................................................................14
1.4.3 创新点........................................................................................................15
1.5 论文工作量统计...............................................................................................16
第 2 章 区域地质概况 .........................................................................................17
2.1 冲绳海槽区域地质概况...................................................................................17
2.1.1 地理位置及构造特征................................................................................17
2.1.2 岩浆岩特征................................................................................................19
2.2 气候特征...........................................................................................................20
2.2.1 季风气候....................................................................................................20
2.3.2 台风............................................................................................................20
2.3 洋流特征...........................................................................................................21
2.4 热液活动...........................................................................................................21
2.4.1 唐印热液区................................................................................................22
2.4.2 第四与那国热液区....................................................................................23
2.5 沉积特征...........................................................................................................24
2.5.1 陆源侧向迁移............................................................................................25
2.5.2 浊流沉积....................................................................................................25
2.5.3 热液火山沉积............................................................................................26
第 3 章 研究材料与方法.....................................................................................27
3.1 研究材料...........................................................................................................27
3.2 样品前处理.......................................................................................................29
3.2.1 分样............................................................................................................29
3.2.2 含水量和干密度........................................................................................30
3.3 年代学分析.......................................................................................................30
3.3.1 210Pb 测试方法 ..........................................................................................30
3.3.2 AMS14C 定年..............................................................................................32
3.4 矿物学分析.......................................................................................................33
3.4.1 显微镜下矿物鉴定....................................................................................33
3.4.2 扫描电镜-X 射线能谱分析 ......................................................................33
3.4.3 粘土矿物 X 射线衍射分析.......................................................................33
3.5 地球化学分析...................................................................................................34
3.5.1 全岩地球化学分析....................................................................................34
3.5.2 硫化物电子探针分析................................................................................35
3.5.3 激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱同位素分析........................................36
3.6 粒度分析...........................................................................................................36
第 4 章 冲绳海槽南部浊流沉积记录 .............................................................37
4.1 沉积物岩相学特征...........................................................................................37
4.1.1 半深海相....................................................................................................37
4.1.2 识别浊流沉积及其分类............................................................................38
4.2 HOBAB4-S2 孔中浊流层.................................................................................42
4.3 浊流沉积年代...................................................................................................43
4.4 物源分析...........................................................................................................47
4.4.1 粗粒级沉积物............................................................................................47
4.4.2 夹层细粒级沉积物....................................................................................48
4.5 探讨触发浊流形成的可能机制.......................................................................54
4.6 小结...................................................................................................................58
第 5 章 冲绳海槽南部浊流层中热液沉积记录...........................................59
5.1 沉积物地球化学特征.......................................................................................59
5.1.1 主量元素....................................................................................................59
5.1.2 微量元素....................................................................................................61
5.1.3 稀土元素....................................................................................................65
5.2 识别沉积物中的热液信号...............................................................................66
5.2.1 元素组合及其控制因素............................................................................66
5.2.2 稀土元素地球化学特征对热液活动的记录............................................69
5.2.3 矿物学及矿物组合序列证据....................................................................71
5.3 小结...................................................................................................................72
第 6 章 浊流沉积层中的硫化物矿物学及地球化学特征........................73
6.1 硫化物矿物组合...............................................................................................73
6.2 硫化物矿物地球化学.......................................................................................74
6.2.1 电子探针数据............................................................................................74
6.2.2 硫同位素数据............................................................................................79
6.3 黄铁矿成因.......................................................................................................80
6.4 成矿物质来源及其成矿环境的指示...............................................................82
6.4.1 成矿物质来源............................................................................................82
6.4.2 成矿环境的指示........................................................................................85
6.5 提出 Co/Zn-Zn/Mn 新指标指示热液组分......................................................86
6.6 浊流沉积层中硫化物迁移方式及其对沉积环境的影响...............................88
6.7 小结...................................................................................................................91
第 7 章 结论 ............................................................................................................93
参考文献......................................................................................................................95
附录............................................................................................................................115
致谢............................................................................................................................133
作者简历及攻读学位期间发表的学术论文与研究成果........................................135

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条目标识符http://ir.qdio.ac.cn/handle/337002/170730
专题海洋地质与环境重点实验室
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杨娅敏. 冲绳海槽南部浊流沉积层中的硫化物特征研究[D]. 中国科学院海洋研究所. 中国科学院大学,2021.
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