牡蛎的比较解剖学及系统分类和演化的研究

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	牡蛎的比较解剖学及系统分类和演化的研究
	李孝绪
学位类型	博士
	1991
学位授予单位	中国科学院海洋研究所
学位授予地点	中国科学院海洋研究所
学位专业	海洋生理学
摘要	本文对我国己发表的牡蛎作了详细的比较解剖学研究。在强蛎亚科（Pycnodonteinae）发现了第三个心耳－－右上心耳和与其相连的第三条回心静脉－－后静脉，这在双壳类中实属首次报道。第一次提出了牡蛎循环系统的两种类型，附心脏型和无附心脏型。两者之间的主要区别是：前者无肌套血管，其外套血液主要来自环外套动脉和附心脏，而后者由于无附心脏和环外套动脉，其外套血液主要来自肌套血管；前者是通过出鳃静脉和外套静脉分别将鳃前部和后部的血液送回心耳，而后者的外套静脉与外入鳃血管不通，鳃中的血液只能通过出鳃静脉回到心耳。根据外套腔的形态特点，本文将中国的牡蛎分为三种类型六个组。第一种类型，左右侧都具侧水腔，包括一个组；第二种类型，仅右侧具有侧水腔，包括四个组；第三种类型；不具侧水腔，包括一个组。在比较解剖学研究的基础上，文章还讨论了消化系统，神经系统，循环系统等一些主要系统的演化过程，并推测了现生牡蛎各属间的演化关系。提出了一些新的分类依据，发现了一个具有重要演化意义的单行属种，爪蛎属（Talonostrea），猫爪牡蛎（T. talonata）。澄清了目前世界上在舌骨蛎属（Hyotissa）、拟舌骨蛎属（Parahyotissa）、小蛎属（Saccostrea）和巨蛎属（Crassostrea）分类中的混乱。解决了我国牡蛎分类中存在己久的疑难问题，将己发表的20种牡蛎重新鉴定为15种，即舌骨牡蛎（Hyotissa hyotis），复瓦牡蛎（Parahyotissa imbricata）。中华牡蛎（P. sinensis），鸡冠牡蛎（Lopha cristagalli）。薄片牡蛎（Dendostren folium），缘齿牡蛎（D. cre-nulifera），褶牡蛎（Alectryonella plicatula），猫爪牡蛎（T. talonata），长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas），近江牡（C. rivularis），拟近江牡蛎（Crassostrea sp.），僧帽牡蛎（Saccostrea cucullata），棘刺牡蛎（S. echinata），鹅掌牡蛎（Planostrea pestigris）和密鳞牡蛎（Ostrea denselamellosa）。它们分别隶属于二个科，曲蛎科（Grypheidae）和牡蛎科（Ostreidae）；四个亚科，强蛎亚科（Pycnodonteinae）。冠蛎亚科（Pycnodonteinae），巨蛎亚科（Lopheinae）和牡蛎亚科（Crassostreinae）。
其他摘要	This paper gives the comparative anatomical studies on Chinese oysters in detail. The Third auricle--the upper right auricle and its directly connecting vessel--the posterior vein, which are firstly reported in bivalve molluscs, are found in subfamily Pycnodonteinae. Two types of circulatory systems, "the accessory heart type" and "the non--accessory heart type" are proposed. The main differences between them are: the the former, the mantle blood comes from the mantle circulating arteries and the accessory hearts, while in the latter, because the oysters lack the accessory hearts and the mantle circulating arteries, the mantle blood mainly comes from the adductor--mantle vessels which are not seen in "the accessory heart type"; the front and the rear gill blood is transported to the auricles by the efferent branchial veins and the mantle veins seperately in the former, but in the latter type, its delivered by the efferent branchial veins only, for there are no connections between the outer afferent branchial vessels and the mantle veins. According to the presence or absence of promyal chambers and the connections between the body and gills, the Chinese oysters can be divided into three type and subdivided into six groups. Typel, with left and right promyal chambers, including one group; Type2, with right promyal chamber only, including four groups; and Type3, without promyal chamber, including one group. Basing on the anatomical studies, the evolution trends in some systems, digestive system, nervous system, circulatory system and so on, are discussed and the evolution throught the living oysters are suggested. Many new soft part characters are found and some are firstly used in oyster classifications. The world--wide confusions in species of Hyotissa, Parahyotissa, Saccostrea and Crassostrea are clarified to some extent. The long existed problems in identifying Chinese oysters are solved this time. One new monotypic genus Talonostrea and its species T. talonata, which are very important in the evolution lines, and a newly recorded species Alectryonella plicatula are described. The formerly Published 20 species are now re-identified as 15 species, that is, Hyotissa hyotis, Parahyotissa imbricata, P. sinensis, Lopha cristagalli, Dendostrea folium, D, crenulifera, Alectryonella plicatula, Talonostrea talonata, Crassostrea gigas, C. rivularis, Crassostrea sp., Saccostrea cucullata, S, echinata, planostrea pestigris and Ostrea denselamellosa. All these species belong in two families, Grypheidae and Ostreidae, and four subfamilies, Pycnodonteinae, Lopheinae, Crassostreinae and Ostreinae.
页数	108
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.qdio.ac.cn/handle/337002/1315
专题	海洋环流与波动重点实验室
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	李孝绪. 牡蛎的比较解剖学及系统分类和演化的研究[D]. 中国科学院海洋研究所. 中国科学院海洋研究所,1991.

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